Regents Chemistry is a one-year course designed to provide a modern view of Chemistry. The topics covered provide the unifying principles of Chemistry and a basic understanding of our environment.

Please NOTE:  This one-year course terminates in a mandatory Regents Examination. Students must satisfy the New York State Regents Laboratory Requirement to be eligible to take the Regents exam.

Please go the following website for practice exams!!!---------- www.nysedregents.org

*** YOUR CHEMISTRY LAB ROOM IS R. 525

For Enrichment Programs/Opportunities please visit https://sites.google.com/site/ladavincischolars/

Science in the news....http://www.scientificamerican.com         www.newscientists.com

Suggested Reading:

Uncle Tungsten – Memories of a Chemical Boyhood by Oliver Sacks

NOTES... What is organic chemistry?  The study of the properties, composition and structure of the compounds of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and phosphorus.  The changes that these compounds can take part in and the amount of energy that is absorbed (released) during these changes.

In your textbook please read pages 607 through 616.

In High Marks try questions 1-7 on page 10:21.

1. Define organic chemistry and state two unique characteristics of the carbon atom. 

2. Define isomers and be able to identify pairs of structural formulasas being the same compounds, diffrent compounds or isomers.

Please bring lab #14 to class...

Water of Hydration Lab--

Q. 3---...because the compounds absorb the water vapor in the air.

Pd. 1 students after class this morning I decided to spend some time and review the entire bonding test  and after doing so I realized that their were wrong answers that were given as right answers on the answer key and vice-versa.

Please note the following for questions

#9 the answer is CuBr2

#12 is both covalent and ionic because NaPO4 is a Polyatomic Ion,

#14 asking for a molecular compound...molecular compound ......it's got to be covalent and 2 non metals so the answer is N2O4...see your Periodic Table of Elements

#18 crystalline lattice..are solids with definite shape and volume, particles in a crysatl are constantly vibrating, they do not change their regular positions and are arranged in a regular geometric pattern called a crystal lattice structure e.x. NaCl...the answer is calcium because electrons flow freely in metals..

High concentrationon chapter 1 through 4 on High Marks. Know every aspect of the gold-foil experiment in terms of protons, neutrons, electrons; the internal struture, alpha particle, and radius...

Know how to intrepret and draw lewis do  structure of an atom.

Know exothermic, potential & kinetic energy, how to read the heat curve

Know how to identify and wrote significant figures and proper units, calculate percent error. calculate molar mass of a compound, empirical formula of a compound, calculation heat energy, intermolecular forces..

I just went over the exam and it is perfect...no surprises..

Please study for the Midyear exam....

The following is due on Tuesday (1-8-13)...Using HM-chapter 5 Moles and Stoichometry--

1. What is the gram-formula mass of (NH4)3PO4?

(please note the 3 in the above formula is a subscript)

2. Using your lab and HM.. Show a numerical setup for calculating the percent composition by mass of water in KAI (SO4)2 . 12H2O.

Please read and review chapters 11 and 12 in your textbook....In High Marks Regents Review--- review chapter 3, 4 and some of chapter 5.

There will be a test on bonding --- THURSDAY, Jan 4, 2013

1. The correct formula for calcium phosphate is...show all work!!

1. Please read and be familiar with the rules for IUPAC System pg. 5:2 in High Marks

2. Know the diffrence between molecular, empirical  (the simplest ratio in which atoms combine to forma compound) and structural formula ...page 5:2, 3...review molar mass-pag. 5:4

Write out and answer the following....

1. What is the chemical formula of iron (III) sulfide?

2. What is the percent composition by mass of sulfur in the compound MgSO4 (gram-formula mass=120. grams per mole)?

3. What is the empirical formula for a compound with the molecular formula C6H12Cl2O2?

The difference between Molecular and Empirical Formulas?

 1.  Molecular Formula - The formula for a compound that exists as a molecule; total number of atoms of each element to form a molecule. 

  2.  Empirical Formula – The formula that gives only the simplest whole-number ratio of the atoms that make up the compound. 

         i.e. Molecular/Chemical Formula = C₆H₆

                   Empirical Formula = CH 

  3)  Empirical Formulas help us identify classes of compounds.  For instance, all sugars like glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆), have the same empirical formula CH₂O, which is the reason why they are called carbohydrates.  

4)  How To Derive An Empirical Formula 

  i.e.  A compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen is found to contain 54.5% carbon and 9.1% hydrogen by mass.  What is its empirical formula?



     a. Since the percentage of an element is the number of grams per 100g of compound, we may assume a 100g sample of compound and convert the percents to grams directly.   

      b. Since the percent hydrogen and percent carbon do not add up to 100%, we conclude that the missing 36.4% is oxygen. 

           C = 54.5g      H = 9.1g    O = 36.4g 

      c. Calculate the number of moles of each element using the mole calculation equation.



         C = 4.54 mol    H = 9.1 mol    O = 2.28 mol



         The empirical formula is now:   C_4.54H_9.1O_2.28 

       d. Divide each result by the smallest number. 

                           C _4.54/2.28 H _9.1/2/28 O _2.28/2.28 

  The empirical formula is now:  C_1.99H_3.99O₁ 

       e. Round the numbers to the nearest whole number for the subscripts of the elements in the empirical formula of the compound.



     The empirical formula is now:  C₂H₄O



5)  How To Derive A Molecular Formula From An Empirical Formula

i.e. A compound has the empirical formula CH₂O, and its molar mass is determined in a separate experiment to be 180 grams per mole.  What is the molecular formula of this compound? 

       a.    Use the equation:  Molecular Gram Formula Mass/Empirical Formula Gram Formula Mass = Subscript Factor or Empirical Formula Units

        b.    180 g/mol / 30 g/mol = 6 empirical formula units

        c.    C _1x6 H _2x6 O _1x6  = C₆H₁₂O₆ (glucose)

Please print and study the attached file.

How to write formulas...

In a compound a sum of all the oxidation numbers must equal zero.  Please refer to pages 4:23 through 4:25 in your High Marks Review book.

Please view, print and study!!!

NOTES: Please copy!

Atomic Radius -- Covalent Radius

- identifies how big or small an atom is (Reference Table S)



I.    Atoms have roughly a spherical shape

      1.    spheres have radii

      2.    chemists take half of the internuclear distance, (from center of one atom to center of another) because they cannot measure radius of a single atom

II.    Radius increases as you move down a group

       1.    as period number increases, then more electrons fill more principle occupied energy levels 

 III.    Radius decreases as you move from left to right across a period

         1.    as group number increases, the number of protons increases and so does the positive charge of the nucleus

         2.   number of electrons also increases, but since the electrons are still in the same energy level, and the number of principle occupied energy levels stays the same, then the electrons can be pulled closer toward the nucleus, therefore decreasing the radius of the atom.

IV.  Ionic Radius

       1. Cations = If an atom loses an electron, its radius will decrease in size

       2. Anions = If an atom gains an electron, its radius will increase in size

Exceptions

•       Mercury is a metal but is a LIQUID at STP

•       Bromine is a non metal but is a LIQUID at STP

•       Iodine is a non metal but is a SOLID at STP

•       Sulfur is a non metal solid at STP

•       Carbon is a non metal solid at STP

•       STP = Standard Temperature and Pressure

–      Front of reference table

Please do question s# 14, 15 and 17 0n page 1:36

and questions # 9, 10 and 11 on page 5:17.

This due on WEDNESDAY-Nov. 28.

Please do the following using High Marks Review

chapter 3 page 33 Qs 31-6, 8, 10-27

BROMINE IS THE ONLY METTALLIC LIQUID!!!

Nonmetals--most are gases or solids****solid nonmetals are brittle (easily break)

Metalloids (combine properties of metals and nonmetals).  i.e. B, Si (is very shiny), As, Te

***Know the properties and characteristics of Arsenic

*** Know how to calculate atomic for atomic mass..

***Know historical order of the various atomic models.....know the wave-mechanical model, Rutherford

Review Balmer Series for hydrogen--this is the spectrum lab, colors and wavelengths..

BROMINE IS THE ONLY METTALLIC LIQUID!!!

Nonmetals--most are gases or solids****solid nonmetals are brittle (easily break)

Metalloids (combine properties of metals and nonmetals). i.e. B, Si (is very shiny), As, Te

***Know the properties and characteristics of Arsenic

*** Know how to calculate atomic for atomic mass..

***Know historical order of the various atomic models.....know the wave-mechanical model, Rutherford

Review Balmer Series for hydrogen--this is the spectrum lab, colors and wavelengths..

Please review classnotes, handouts, homework assignments and follow me on High Marks-chapter 3.

The rows of the periodic table are called "periods," and the columns are called "groups." Since elements in the same group have the same number of valence electrons, they react in similar ways. This is why elements in the same group have similar properties.

The elements that fall in the center of the periodic table are called "transitional elements." The groups and periods of these elements follow the same basic rules, but their electrons are configured differently. All of the elements in this block have the same number of valence electrons because electrons are added to interior shells instead of the valence

Vocabulary

alloy

Definition: A solid substance made by mixing a metal with another substance, usually another metal, to have specific properties that metals alone lack

Context: The earliest metalworkers combined different elemental metals in search of the best alloys for weapons and tools.

element

Definition: A substance composed of one type of atom and cannot be chemically separated

Context: Antoine Lavoisier was the first to define an element as a pure substance that cannot be broken down.

group

Definition: A column or group of columns in the periodic table; elements in one group have the same number of electrons in the outermost shell

Context: Elements in each group share similar chemical properties.

period

Definition: A row of the periodic table; each row corresponds to the number of electron shells in an atom of the elements in that row

Context: The elements in the second period each have two electron shells, and the elements in the sixth period have six electron shells.

periodic table of the elements

Definition: An organization of Earth's elements arranged according to atomic number, the number of protons each element's nucleus contains

Context: The structure of the periodic table corresponds directly to atomic structure. This makes the table an invaluable tool for determining the property and behavior of elements and predicting how they will interact.

semiconductor

Definition: An element that conducts electricity at higher temperatures, but stops electricity from flowing at lower temperatures

Context: The temperature of silicon transistors determines whether they conduct or block electrical currents.

valence electrons

Definition: The electrons contained in the outermost shell in an atom of an element; the electrons available for chemical bonding

Context: All the transition metals have the same number of valence electrons because electrons are added to interior shells instead of the valence shell.shell.

 1. What does the mass number tell you? Can you find the mass number of an element on the periodic table?

2. Define the term isotope.

3. How does one isotope of carbon differ from another isotope of carbon?

Information-----The atomic mass unit (amu) is a special unit for measuring the mass of very small particles such as atoms. The relationship between amu and grams is the following: 1.00 amu = 1.66 x 10-24g

4. Is most of the mass of an atom located in the nucleus or outside the nucleus? How do you know?

5. If protons and neutrons have the same mass, what is the approximate mass of a proton and neutron in atomic mass units (amu)?

.

Please copy into your notebook and complete the sentences and answer all questions...

Use your notes and High Marks Review book for additional help...

Bohr-examined the radiation emitted from atoms

1. When energy is added to atoms they emit light____________

2. Because atoms emit light only at discrete wavelengths, electrons can only orbit in certain______________________

3. Electrons travel_______________ the nucleus in well defined paths called_________________

4. Electrons in ___________________posses of energy, ________________ a certain amount or ______________ causes the electron to_______________to a _________________or an_________________________.

5. When the _____________ electrons _____________ a certain amount of _____________ this causes electrons to __________________ to a ______________________ or the ________________.

6. During the flame test, ions of a specific metal are heated in the flame of a gas burner.  a characteristic color of light was emitted by these ions in the flame when the electrons

a. gain energy as they return to lower energy levels

b. gain energy as they move to higher levels

c. emit energy as they return to lower energy levels

d. emit energy as they move to higher energy levels

7. When the elctrons of an excited atom returns to a lower energy state, the energy emitted can result in the production of

a. alpha particles

b. isotopes

c. protons

d. spectra

8. The region that is the most probable location of an electron in an atom is the

a. nucleus

b. an orbital

c. the excited state

d. an ion

In 1911, Ernest Rutherford performed an experiment to test the plum pudding model. He fired energetic a [He²⁺] particles at a foil, and measured the deflection of the particles as they came out the other side. From this he could deduce information about the structure of the foil. To understand how this works, imagine shooting a rifle at a mound of loose snow: one expects some bullets to emerge from the opposite side with a slight deflection and a bit of energy loss depending on how regularly the pile is packed. One can deduce something about the internal structure of the mound if we know the difference between the initial (before it hits the pile) and final (after it emerges from the pile) trajectories of the bullet. If the mound were made of loose, powdery snow, the bullets would be deflected very little; if the bullets were deflected wildly, we might guess that there was a brick of hard material inside.

Please review significant figures, calculation for heat and temperature

Attached is a copy of your lab for this week.  Please read through....

Please review significant figures, calculation for heat and temperature

Chemistry Studenst,

I will be out Monday so be on your very best for Ms. Lytle and Mr. Fransowie who will be covering 1st and 9th period respectively.  I prepared a great review package for you which they will distribute.

Please be sure to take notes from SECTION B (High Marks) pg.1:20

SOLIDS

Solids, Melting Point, Sublimation

LIQUIDS

evaporation, vapor pressure--TABLE H

BOILING POINT

Please know Table A

GASES and Gas Laws----will discuss in class....

Please view, print and bring to class....

Zumdahl--chapter 4  pgs. 72-84

Review High Marks...Please read and review Temperature-pg. 1:6-1:10

Please concentrate on the "Chemistry in Focus" blurb!!! These captions/reading are extremely insightful.

Please print, work out the problems, study and come to class with all notes, Hig Marks and your reference tables...

You are required to attend make up lab in laboratory room 525 (Chemistry) if you were absent for lab numbers 1 & 2..

Students in my period 9 class MUST attend this session.  Attendance will be taken.

Periods 1 and 9.

This question may require the use of the Chemistry Reference Tables or the Periodic Table of Elements.



A compound differs from a mixture in that a compound always has a

 

1. 
   
   
   homogeneous composition
   
   


2. 
   
   
   maximum of two components
   
   


3. 
   
   
   minimum of three components
   
   


4. 
   
   
   heterogeneous composition
   
   

Please view and take notes...

Dalton's Atomic Theory

1) All matter is made of atoms. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible.

2) All atoms of a given element are identical in mass and properties

3) Compounds are formed by a combination of two or more different kinds of atoms.

4) A chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms.

Modern atomic theory is, of course, a little more involved than Dalton's theory but the essence of Dalton's theory remains valid. Today we know that atoms can be destroyed via nuclear reactions but not by chemical reactions. Also, there are different kinds of atoms (differing by their masses) within an element that are known as "isotopes", but isotopes of an element have the same chemical properties.

Many heretofore unexplained chemical phenomena were quickly explained by Dalton with his theory. Dalton's theory quickly became the theoretical foundation in chemistry.

Pd. 1 and 2 will meet me in the lab room 525 on Thursday.

Students in my pd. 9 class will meet me in room 723.

Please view, print and study!

Topics of Study

1. Introduction to Chemistry & Atomic Structure

a. Defining the atom

c. Distinguishing between atoms

d. Isotopes & ions

e. Electron arrangement in the atom & Lewis Dot Structure

Ecological Succession: Process in which one community is gradually replaced by another, until a climax  community is established. 

A. The organisms in which each stage of succession chnage the environment, and allow new organisms tomove in and replace them.

B. Climax Community: The final stage of succession.

1. The climax community is determined by the local climate

***Ex. Kansas has very little fertile soil, but not enough rain to support trees, so succession stops with grasses and shrubs.

C. Any temporary disruption of a community will begin the process of succession all over again.

****Ex. If a forest fire kills allthe trees in an area, succession will eventually return the area back into a forest, but it must first pass through all the necessary stages.

REMEMBER___Populations-- a given area that can only supply enough resources for a limited number of organisms.

A. Carrying Capacity: The largest population an ecosystem can support.

B. Limiting Factors: Anything which limits the size of a population, including food, water. predators, diseases, competition, territory and climate.

C. Overproduction: When a population exceeds the carrying capacity.  Usually results in a large number of organisms dying off until a new balance is reached.

Do you like to play games? If you do, you will need energy. Every time you run or jump, you are using up energy in your body. How do you get the energy to play? You get energy from the food you eat. Similarly, all living things get energy from their food so that they can move and grow. As food passes through the body, some of it is digested. This process of digestion releases energy.



A food chain shows how each living thing gets its food. Some animals eat plants and some animals eat other animals. For example, a simple food chain links the trees & shrubs, the giraffes (that eat trees & shrubs), and the lions (that eat the giraffes). Each link in this chain is food for the next link. A food chain always starts with plant life and

Plants are called producers because they are able to use light energy from the Sun to produce food (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water.

1. 
   Animals cannot make their own food so they must eat plants and/or other animals. They are called consumers. There are three groups of consumers.

Animals that eat ONLY PLANTS are called herbivores (or primary consumers).

2.  Animals that eat OTHER ANIMALS are called carnivores.

• 
  carnivores that eat herbivores are called secondary consumers
  
  


• 
  carnivores that eat other carnivores are called tertiary consumers
  
  e.g., killer whales in an ocean food web ... phytoplankton → small fishes → seals → killer whales

3. Animals and people who eat BOTH animals and plants are called omnivores.

4, Then there are decomposers (bacteria and fungi) which feed on decaying matter.



These decomposers speed up the decaying process that releases mineral salts back into the food chain for absorption by plants as nutrients.

We will all report to lab 545 to DISSECT the bullfrogs.

You will observe the external and internal anatomy of a frog.  Every stduenst is expected to embrace all safety measure as per lab safety rules during this dissection.

Please copy these notes and study....

Specific Environmental Problems

A. Industralization

1. Cause: Development of factories, cities, etc

2. Negative effect: Increase use of resources, increases human population, increases pollution, acid rain, global warming, habitat loss

3. What can be done: Plan carefully, use cleaner technology, pass laws to regulate development.

B. Acid Rain

1. Cause: Burning fossil fuels, releasing SO2 and NO2 in the air, which react with rain water to form acid.

2. Negative effect: Acidification of lakes and soil, damages wildlife and plants, increases erosion of building

3. What can be done: Use buffers to neutralize acids in the lakes and rivers, reduce use of fossil fuels.

C. Depletion of Ozone Layer

1. Cause: Use of CFC's (chlorofluorocarbons) in aersol sprays and coolants

2. Negative Effect: Increase skin cancer rates

3. What can be done: Don't use CFCs -use safer chemicals

D. Loss of Habitat (ex. deforestation)

1. Cause: Industralization, farming, increasing human population

2. Negative effect: Loss of biodiversity

3. What can be done: Passlaws to protect natural areas (national parks , wildlife sanctuaries), control population growth

E. Loss of diversity

1. Cause: habitat oss, over hunting/fishing/harvesting, pollution, introduced species

2. Negative effect: ecosystems are less stable, humans lose potential resources

3. What can be done: pass laws tp protect species, regulate hunting

F. Global warming

1. Cause: increased emissions of greenhouse gases from fossil fuels (especially CO2)

2. Negative effect: Climate change can lead to loss of habitat and species

3. What can be done: cleaner technologies, alternative energy, reduce CO2 emissions.

G. Introduced species

1. Cause: humans moving around planet (tourism, business, etc)

2. Negative--new species may outcompete native wild life

3. What can be done: control importations of new species, use BIOLOGICAL CONTROLS (natural predators and disease) to control population.

and enjoy!!!

THIS ASSIGNMENT IS DUE ON 5/24/12

Please write out the questions and answers for questions 34 through 42. and complete Part B-2 Qs # 43 & 44

Please do questions 10-13 (Part B-2).  Write out each question with the correct response.  Also do question #18 on pg. 120

Please bring your review book to class.  Read and study chapter 8 in your review book.

Please print and complete.

Please view!!

Please view, print and study...helpful information regarding macroevolution etc...

Please view, print and study.

Please view, print and study!!

 Terms to know

A. gene - the unit of heredity; a section of DNA sequence encoding a single protein

B. alleles - two genes that occupy the same position on homologous chromosomes and cover the same trait

C. locus - a fixed location on a strand of DNA where a gene or one of its alleles is located

D. homozygous - having identical genes (one from each parent) for a particular characteristic

E. heterozygous - having two different genes for a particular characteristic

F. dominant - the trait that appears in the heterozygous condition 

G. recessive - the trait that is masked in the heterozygous condition 

H. phenotype - appearance

I. genotype - genetic makeup

J. monohybrid cross - cross involving a single pair of genes, one trait

K. P - parent

• 
  F1 - filial

Please define the following terms ...

1. Variation

2. Competition

3. Struggle for Survival

4. Adaptation

5. Environment

6. Selecting Agent

7. Migration

Copy and fill in the blanks....

I. Species evolve over time. Evolution is a result of the interactions between:

a. The potential for a species to ______________________its population

b. Genetic _____________ of offspring due to mutation and genetic recombination.

c. A ______________ amount of resources in the environment (ex. food, space, mates, etc.)

d. Selection by the environment of those individuals that are better able to survive and produce viable offspring ("survival _______________")

II. Some characteristics / variations give individuals an advantage over others in surviving and reproducing. The offspring of these "better adapted" individuals will be more likely to _______________ and reproduce than those of other individuals. The proportion / frequency of individuals with favorable characteristics will increase.

III. Variation in a population increases the likelihood that at least some individuals will _________________ the changing environmental conditions.

Please read the passage on page 114 through 115 and answer questions 113 through 116.

Make sure your homework sheet has the complete heading...and please check to see that your name is on your paper.

Please read pages 110 through 111 in the CR-Review Biology Book and answer the following in complete sentences...

1. What is cloning? What is the benefit of cloning?

PART C on page 114

Do questions 109 through 112..

It will focus on the advantages and disadvatages of internal fertilization versus external fertilization.

Genetic Code

1. What are the possible codons that will code for leucine? List all..........

2. What is the difference between the codons dor ispleucine and methionine?

3. What codons signal the end of the message? List them...

4. Why does the stop codon end the message?

5. What amino acid is coded fro by the codon CGA?

6. What is transcription?

7. What is translation?

Please write these question and answers out... writing would be mor ehelpful than typing....good way of studying!!

1. What is nondisjunction  and what is the the relationship to Down Syndrome?

2. What is polyploidy? Give an example of how this is observed.

3. What is gene mutation? Give two examples.

4. What are mutagenic agents? List 4 forms of mutagenic radiation.

READ PAGES 108 through 111...and asnwer the following questions.

Any change in the sequence of NUCLEOTIDES in a DNA molecule is a gene mutation.

1. Gene mutations may involve

a.____________ b. _____________ c. _________

2. What is cloning? Describe and give an example.

3. What is genetic engineering? What is recombinant DNA?

4. What are the benefits of genetic engineering?

5. What is an restriction enzyme? A vector? Plasmid? ligase? "sticky end"?

Please read page 7 of your laboratory package and answer the questions 8, 9 and 10.

Notes to be copied in your notebook....

Genetic Engineering:

Vectors are DNA "carriers".  Isolated genes can be inserted into an appropriate vector which can then be inserted into a "host" cell or organism.

There are 2 types of DNA vectors that are commonly used

1. plasmids-small loops of DNA found in many bacterial cells.

2. phages--viruses that attack bacterial cells.

Study!!!

Read pages 362 through 371. 

Answer the following questions...

1. How does RNA differ from DNA?

2. How does the cell make RNA?

Please do the Quick Lab on page 367.  This assignment will be collected and graded.

1. The build blocks of a nucleic acid is made up of_________________, ______________ and ___________.

2. A nucleotide is composed of which substances?

3. The replication of a double-stranded DNA molecule begins when the strands separate at the ___________

4. In a cell, the transfer of the genetic infromation from DNA to RNA occurs in the ____________________

5. In sexually reproducing organisms, butations can be inherited if they occur in _______________

6. Why does somes identical twins appear different from one another?

Please read pages 344-353 in your textbook. Test your knowledge and comprehension by doing some of the questions on pages 356 through 357.

Please copy in your notes.

The order of DNA bases in your genes determines the order of amino acids in your proteins, which determines the proteins' shape, which determines the proteins' function, and the proteins build and run your body.

Therefore, How your body functions depends on the order of the bases in your genes!

I found this great PowerPoint on the NYS lab....view, read, learn...

Please download, print and have in  he lab....

Please copy these notes into your notebook ----you will be tested on this material.....

Protein Synthesis: This is how genes control the body:

A. A codon is a sequence of three bases in DNA.

1. Each codon represents a specific amino acids.

2. Ribosomes assemble amino acids in the same order that they are listed in the DNA codons.

3. The amino acids will make a protein.

4. The order of the amino acids (determined by the DNA sequence) determines the shape of a protein.

5. The shape of a protein determines its function.

• 
  Therefore: The sequence of bases in DNA will determine the functions of all the proteins in the body.


• 
  The proteins build and run the body.

B. RNA carries the genetic code to ribosomes.

Please read, copy and study.

A. DNA is the chemical that makes up your genes and chromosomes.

1. Analogy: If your genes and chromosomes are the "instruction manual" for your body, DNA would be the paper it is printed on.

B. The shape of a DNA molecule is a double helix, which resembles a twisted ladder.

C. The shape of DNA allows it to replicate (copy) itself almost perfectly.

D. DNA is made of 4 bases: A, T, C and G.

1. Base pairs A-T and C-G

*** in RNA the pairs are A-U and C-G

Please download, print and bring to class.

Please view the PowerPoint, print and study.

NOTES: Chromosomes and Genes (please copy into your notebook)

A. Each chromosome has hundreds of thousands of genes.

B. Each gene codes fro a particular protein.  Genes themselves are made from nucleic acids.  While genes determine our traits, the environment can affect expression of genes.

Patterns of Inheritance:

Please write these questions down on  a 8 X 11size paper and bring to class.  These questions will be answered via the viewing of the DVD.

1. What do all living organisms have in common?

2. Describe a. self-pollination b. cross-pollination

3. What species of plant did Mendel choose?

a.  Why did he choose this plant.  Provide at least 2 reasons. 

4. Outline Mendel's second experiment.

6. Explain how Mendel controlled the pollination (selective breeding) of his pea plants.

Reference pages in your text 306-322.

Please read pages 307 through 312.  Then do questions 1 a, b, c and 2 a, b and c., on pages 312 (11.1 Assessment)

Hereditary is the passing on of traits from parent to offspring.  The genetic make up of an individual is known as its genotype.  The physical charateristics of an individual, which are the result of its genotype and its environment, are known as its phenotype.

Pre-LAB

Please look up these words and write a list of definitons for the following:

1. genotypes

2. phenotypes

3. alleles

4. trait

5. dominant (trait)

6. recessive (trait)

7. incomplete dominance

8. offspring

9. sex linked trait

10. genes

I. Chromosomes:

A. Humans have 46 chromosomes, or 23 homologous pairs.--Homologous: chromosomes with the same size, shape and genes.

B. Chromosomes pairs carry genes for the same traits:

1. Most organisms have two genes for each trait -1 from each parent, 1 on each member of the homologous pair.

C. Sex chromosomes--In humans, females are XX and males are Xy

1. The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X, so it is missing many genes.  This means many genes on the X chromosome do not have a "partner" so:

a. If a male has a recessive trait on the X chromosome, the Y chromosome will not be able to "hide" it with a dominant gene, so...

b. This makes males more likely to have some traits (like color blindness). These called sex linked traits.

Your test will focus on the reading and information on pages 84 through 95 on the CR review book.  Study the diagrams pertaining to human reproduction and development.

Don't forget to bring your favorite fruit to class...no kiwi, mango or peaches due to allergies that your classmates have mentioned....

Please read pages 646 through 649, and  do questions 1a,and 1b, 2a and 2b.

Have a great weekend.......

Please read pages 93 through 95 in your CR review book and anser questions number 88 through 100.  Copy each question and write out the correct answer.

Additioanlly, I would like you to read pages 650 through 654 in your TEXTBOOK. Do question number 1a.

1.  Where are sperms produced?

2. What role doe sthe hypothalmus play is sperm production (be specific and name hormones-use E.S notes and handouts-.

Please download and review....

This chapter has all you need to know for Monday's test including practice questions.  You may also want to check out Pgs. 323 through 334 in your textbook. 

Winter break 2/20-2/24

I. Asexual Reproduction

A. Advatages: One parent, faster, safer, easier, less energy

B. Disadvatage: NO VARIETY

II. sexual Reproduction

A. Advantage: VARIETY

B. Disadvantage: Need to find mate, more risk, more time and energy

Objectives:

1. Become familiar with seating, material distribution, and other general lab procedures.

2. Learn general safety rules.

PRE_LAB ---Please copy and complete in your notebook....

Students have a responsibility to themselves and their classmates to learn and observe safety procedures in all participatory science activities.  To this end, what specific practices, skills, or areas of knowledge can you list to achieve the above goals?

Read pages 274 through 278.  Please copy the following questions and answer in complete sentences. THIS ASSIGNMENT WILL BE COLLECTED AND GRADED.

Do 10.1 Assessment questions --write the questions out and the answers in complete sentences.

1. a, b and c.

2 a, b and c.

SPRING TERM 2012 BEGINS!!!!

Your project is due today....Be sure to focus on the number aspect of your science factoid...........

I am excited and I can't wait to see your art/math infused SCIENCE PROJECT......

Please print and keep a copy of the attached documents in your notebook.

This is a cumulative test.. please study using the green review book and the various handouts.  You can view practice Regents questions via the website www.nysedregents.org/livingenvironment

Please read pages 1008 through1019.  Answer the following questions:

1. What are the body's nonspecific defenses against pathogens?

2. What is the function of the immune system's specific defenses?

3. What are the body's specific defenses against pathogens?

Please read chapter 34.1 and 34.2 (textbook)..Answer the following questions on page 981 Q. 1 a, b and c, Q.2 a, b and  Q. 1 c and 2 a on page 987.  THIS IS DUE ON FRIDAY!!

Please read pages 63 through 65 and answer the following questions...81 through 88 and 93, 94. and 95.

A fabulous New Year to everyone!!!

REGULATION.....

Using your review book.......Please read pages 45 through 46 and complete Questions 82 through 92..Write out each question and all answer choice given, then circle the correct answer.

Reminder----Late assignments will receive a penality as per your student contract.